Efthimios MariakakisArt History Essay Example For Students

Efthimios MariakakisArt History Essay Cohen John Peto, Elihu Vedder, and William Harnett are three very important and unique artists. The three artists are American artists and there respective works can be found throughout the country in various museums including the Metropolitan Museum of Art. John Peto was a still life painter who excelled in rack type paintings- a vertical panel with ribbons tightly stretched and tacked, into which are tucked various memorabilia such as news paper clippings, addressed envelopes, photographs, theater tickets pamphlets and so on (Craven 366). John Peto was also a master of the deception art known as Trompe l oeil. Trompe l oeil is defined as a french cliche meaning to trick the eye(Cohen 167). Peto utilized this tool in many of his pieces: the objects in his works looked so real that they appeared real to the touch. He sought to put down precisely what he saw without embellishment, choosing still-life subjects from 19th-century American Mariakakis 2life. These included weathered wood panels, lanterns, and scraps of paper. His Office Board (Metropolitan Mus.) is a characteristic work. The numerous rack paintings, created by Peto were often commissioned works containing clues to the identity of the original ownersin the simulated papers and other objects stuck between the tapes. In Office Board, an oil on canvas painting created in 1885, a post card, and a letter are clearly addressed to Dr. Goldberg, a chiropodist in Philadelphia and neighbor of Peto (Metropolitan Mus.). The Dr. may well have asked Peto to make the painting. Among other objects is a simulated photo, perhaps of Goldberg. Peto does an exceptional job of convincing the observer of the paintings realness. If approached, it seems as though the observer can reach out and grab the objects. Although Peto s works were often confused with Harnett s, the style is quite different. Unlike Harnett, Peto strove more for decorative effects of color and texture and less for imitation destined to fool the eye of the observer (Metropolitan Mus.). Like Peto, William Harnett utilized Trompe l oeil. He too was a still life painter. His still lifes have Mariakakis 3been compared with the large photographic still lifes produced about 1860 by Adolphe Braun, an Alsatian, in which a variety of game and hunting paraphernalia is hung in a cluster upon a board wall-clearly anticipating Harnett s After the Hunt (Craven 365). In The Artists Letter Rack, an oil on canvas painting created in 1879, Harnett has deliberately tried for an effect of flatness rather than the solid three dimensional quality of many of his later works. The pink tape forming the rack allows just enough give to hold in place some letters, postcards, and a few scraps of paper bearing puzzling inscriptions. The grain of the wood boards forming the background has been carefully delineated and the slight shadows cast by the edges of the objects have been subtly expressed (Metropolitan Mus.). According to an assistant curator at the museum, Many of the inscription remained unexplained, but a few clues suggest that the painting was commissioned by some member of the Philadelphia firm of C C Peirson and Sons, a firm which was responsible for the dealing of wool and hides. The names of the other businessmen are hinted at, all probably in wool and leather trades as well Mariakakis 4 Elihu Vedder was a visionary with a penchant for mysticism. A native of New York city who would spend most of his life as an expatriate in Europe, Vedder went first to Paris to study in 1856, but soon discovered he preferred the life and the art world of Italy, and settled in Florence (Craven 355). His painting Cypress and Poppies which was an oil on canvas painting created between 1880-1890, was one of his more perceptual paintings. The scene depicts the countryside near Villa-Strohl-Fern (Metropolitan Mus.). The soft atmosphere and splashes of jewel like color reflect the influence of Macchiaioli,a group of contemporary Italian painters who eschewed academic practice and drew inspiration from the plein-air works of such French artists as Gustave Courbet (Metropolitan Mus.).

Suffering Ignored Essays - Muse Des Beaux Arts, W. H. Auden

Suffering Ignored On February 21, 1907 Wystan Hugh Auden was born in York England. Auden was a poet, dramatist, and literary critic whose everyday language and conversational rhythms has had a major influence on modern poetry. Auden was initially a science major but after several years at Gresham School he realized science was not the career for his future. With the influence from Robert Medley, Auden began to write poetry. Due to this big change in Auden's life, he enrolled in Christ Church, at Oxford. Before his departure from Gresham School Auden came to recognize his homosexuality. At the beginning of Auden writing career he had an interest in Anglo-Saxon poetry. Auden's poetry in the 1930's "largely constitutes a diagnosis of industrial English society in the midst of economic and moral decay." (Bahr p. 212) In 1930 Auden began to teach school in his community. In 1935 Auden married a young lady named Erika Mann. Erika was the daughter of a German novelist. The marriage occurred only so Erika cou ld receive a British passport. In 1939 Auden moved to America. This was a turning point in his life. Auden's writing style "shifted away from many of his earlier intellectual convictions and moved toward a reaffirmation of his childhood faith." (Magill p. 73) This change allowed him to write poetry that was said to influence people to Christianity. Auden was a popular modern poet who impressive reputation was based on his technical writing and overall work. Although several critics say Auden's writing digressed after the 1930's, he is still a well admired poet. As expected Auden has received several literary awards. Auden received the King's Gold Medal for poetry in 1937, the Guggenheim fellowships in 1942 and 1945 and the Pulitzer Prize in 1948. (Magill 72) Auden is a poem that can not and will not be forgot in literary history. In 1939 Auden published a poem titled "Musee des Beaux Arts." This is a poem about "The universal indifference to human misfortune." (Masterplots p.1430) "Musee des Beaux Arts" talks about how individuals do not care about the suffering of one another. This poem theme is based on a painting by Pieter Bruegel called The Fall of Icarus. While in Brussels, Auden visited the Musees Royaux des beaux-arts where he was motivated by three of Bruegel painting. . "Musee des Beaux Arts" can be paralled to the painting by Bruegel. The insignificance of Icarus fall in the ocean, displayed by his legs sticking out the ocean, seen in the bottom right hand corner, is similar to how the suffering of individuals are not important to each other. The poem is written in two paragraphs. The first paragraph consists of several broad statements. In the second paragraph there are applications for those broad statements. In the first section of the poem the word suffering is used only in the first line, in fact suffering is the first noun. This is important because the poem is "constructed to demonstrate that it is only in its own first line and nowhere else in the world that human agony receives any emphasis." (Masterplots p. 1430) As the poem continues Auden mentions people "eating or opening a window or just walking dully along." These statements highlight how the suffering of people does not have any effect on how others live their life. The death of a stranger will not cause one to slit a wrist. As the poem continues Auden refers to the birth of Jesus. As the first stanza comes to an ending there is reference to the crucifixion of Jesus. In the poem the crucifixion is interrupted by dogs, "the dogs go on with their doggy life" Auden uses the word doggy to "represent to childish vocabulary." (Masterplots p.1430) Auden uses the word life rather than lives because he once again wants to emphasis the childish vocabulary. While Jesus is being tortured the torturer's horse scratches his bottom side. . The word "behind" is used to emphasis the innocents of the children. This distracts the reader from the horrible evil deed that was being executed. Auden uses a simple vocabulary in the "Musee des Beaux Arts" so the reader can visualize the common air. In today's society

Portable Concepts

Portable Concepts It is possible to single out several portable concepts that are discussed in the readings. First of all, one can mention the article The Grand Tour written by Evan Osnos who examines such an issue as cultural stereotypes. In this case, the very word stereotype can be described as a popular and widespread idea or a statement that has been accepted by people without any rigorous verification.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Portable Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, in the article, Evan Osnos describes the experiences of Chinese tourists; it is believed that that these people will prefer only traditional Chinese cuisine. However, in many cases, they simply go to McDonalds which often appeals to them; so, this stereotype is not confirmed. In their turn, the visitors from China were not accustomed to the idea that shop assistants cannot do several things at a time since they are accustomed to this f orm of behavior. This is one of the details that can be identified. Apart from that, Evan Osnos explores another important concept in the article; in particular, one should speak about such a notion as culture shock. This term can be described as the inability of a person to adjust to a different culture, including the behavioral norms, the standards of living, or values adopted in a different society. These experiences are familiar to many people who did not have an opportunity to travel for a long time; for example, one can mention people who are coming from China since they are not used to traveling though Western countries. This notion is useful for describing the experiences of immigrants who may not easily cope with culture shock. These readings can throw light on other portable concepts, for instance one can speak about such a term as Americanness which is discussed by Judith Hamera and Alfred Bendixen. This notion can be defined as the distinct peculiarities of American iden tity or the experiences of people who live in the United States. This notion is important for the study of American culture, its history, and development; more importantly, this reading suggests that travelling and search for novelty are critical elements of Americanness. Moreover, one can argue that the concept of Americanness is important for studying the relations between American people and the representatives of other cultures. Furthermore, one can also discuss such a notion as travel writing which is closely discussed by Anthony Bourdain in the introduction to the book The Best American Travel Writing. Overall, this term can be applied to every literary works that explores the experiences of people who are confronted with a different culture, way of life, or traditions. It is possible to say that travel writing can be a helpful tool for understanding the similarities and differences between cultures.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, it is possible to examine such a term a term as cultural identity that plays an important part in each of these readings. However, one should first consider the essay by Judith Hamera and Alfred Bendixen. Overall, this notion is used to denote a set of experiences, attitudes, and assumptions that are familiar to representatives of various cultures. Certainly, it is difficult to speak about the fixed cultural identity, but this notion can still be helpful for explaining the interactions between the representatives of different cultures. These are the main portable concepts that can be distinguished.

buy custom Impacts of World War II on America essay

buy custom Impacts of World War II on America essay The WWII was a worldwide conflict that every major power in the world got involved in from 1939-1945. The two sides formed, were generally the Axis and Allies. In 1939, America was behind in terms of war preparation as compared to its enemies, who had been preparing themselves for almost ten years (Kennedy, 1999, p. 1929-1945). However, four years into the war, the United States earned the title of military super-power. The American industry largely, almost entirely, provided the Allied military with about two-thirds of all their equipment during the war-193,000 artillery pieces, 297,000 aircraft, 2,000 army trucks, and 86,000 tanks (Kennedy, 1999, p. 1929-1945). This saw the American industrial production, then the world largest, doubled in size. Moreover, the production of the machine-tools for making weapons trebled in a span of three years. Consequently, the balance between the United States and its adversaries changed almost overnight. Many Americans forecasted that this war wou ld have a significant bearing on their future, but the outcome of the war presented far-reaching effects than most Americans had predicted. Americas involvement in the war was more beneficial than detrimental to its social, political, and economic structures. Compared to other prime combatants, both the Allies and the Axis, the United States was did not get any damage physically. In fact, its economy experienced an unprecedented economic rejuvenation (Winkler, 2000). In addition, its loss of about 400,000 soldiers in combat was visually downplayed and less, compared to other nations losses, and Americans had to imagine the consequences of the war. In order for this to be achieved, they projected the consequences of World War I into the future. America still felt the weight of World War I, suffered from the great depression, and felt threatened by world enemies in the precipitating WWII. Most Americans perceived the impacts of the war as rising steadily during hostilities, and then falling sharply. However, this perception changed when the reality of the effect of about 16 million war veterans returning to civil life dawned on them that these veterans readjustment was to be the nations responsibility (Winkler, 2000). The post-war economy c arried mixed feelings of hope and fear that thrived on the previous depression and propaganda of promises of reward for those who sacrificed during wartimes. Contrastingly, few Americans foresaw the social consequences the war would bring. In fact, WWII transcended the then existing racial system by expanding federal power to the Jim Crow South, effectively inspiring the expectations and policies of African Americans and restructuring national priorities (Kennedy, 1999). The efforts of progressive black men, such as A. Phillip Randolph, made many leaders to view racial discrimination as a leftover that wasted resources that were vital for wielding power overseas and it mocked United States allegation of defending freedom against communist oppression and fascism. Though the US stepped cautiously on the matter of racism, it showed efforts towards strengthening its morale and unity by denouncing the theories it was fighting abroad at home. In the pursuit of this goal, President Harry S. Truman signed an order in 1948 that banned discrimination and segregation in the military, which also eroded ethnic and religious barriers (United States His tory, n.d). During the WWII, sexuality and gender systems experienced complex changes. The wartime culture prized both womens contribution and male virtue and set the stage for the virtual invention of the traditional family. This, however, worked to the disadvantage of many homosexuals and women. Regardless of how varied their influences were, social groups had something common: Americas global power coupled with the governments additional authority shaped their fate. At the end of the war, the transtion into the cold war, this change that initially, perceiving it as temporary, became a lasting one, against many peoples anticipation. During the WWII, Americans had the knowledge that they were a superpower and, therefore, expected it to play the role of one, with a few yearning for the isolationism that had allegedly led to the culmination of WWII (Winkler, 2000). Axis antagonism, the Great depression, as well as hitherto unprecedented technological advances, all gave the illusion of a disintegrated postwar world that presented a myriad of threats to the U.Ss economic and military wellbeing. Consequently, the view of many American leaders was that it would be prudent for the country to mobilize power even during peace times in order to counter all the external and internal threats. Americas victory in the war provided the leaders with the most needed confidence and assurance that they had the capacity to do so, either solely or by the help of the newly formed United Nations in 1945. Gen. George C. Marshall warned that, the extensive ocean distance that used to protect America had evaporated, and Americas reliance on such obsolete factors was likely to jeopardize the freedom and treasure of the nation (Kennedy, 1999). Economically, WWII brought unprecedented improvements in the U.S, with President Franklin D. Roosevelts call to America to become the arsenal of democracy. This came about six months after the fall of France to the Axis armies and one year before Japans attack on Pearl Harbor, which ultimately brought the U.S into the war (Kennedy, 1999). Roosevelt suggested an annual production of 50,000 planes, an overly ambitious figure that even some of his economists thought was unrealistic. However, by the fall of 1944, the U.S produced more than 96,000 naval and military aircraft, surpassing the combined production of Japan, Germany, and Britain (Kennedy, 1999). With this, Americas industry had achieved a groundbreaking superiority in equipment production in a way that no any other country had bone before, a call promoted by the President at the beginning of 1942. The President attributed this stunning achievement to all Americans, the uniformed and civilians, with the most obvious contributor being the factories, both government-owned and privately owned (Kennedy, 1999). From the foregoing, WWII had far-reaching effects on America, as a nation, and as a society in general. Wartime mobilization dealt a major defeat on the Axis and ended the Great Depression in the United States. This dual victory provides a solid explanation why WWII is Good War for the American population (Winkler, 2000). Just before the onset of WWII, precisely in 1939, employment in the U.S stagnated at Depression levels, but the mobilization saw the rate of unemployment fall sharply (Jeffries, 2003). Hitherto unemployed men and women joined the military and moved to enormous, new-built and/or expanded military training bases. Yet millions more found places industries, where they, for the first time since 1929, made good money, especially from overtime hours to augment their paychecks. The WWII was really the Good War for Americans, because it was encouraged by the government, those who worked in the industries and gained new skills shifted to better jobs, and then joined labor uni ons in unprecedented numbers. Consequently, the WWII helped blue-collar workers gain recognition and status (Jeffries, 2003). Undoubtedly, the WWII brought unfathomable shifts in all spheres of the U.S; politically, economically, socially, and even religiously. Notably, the boom in employment raised peoples living standards, considering that they had just suffered the menace of the Great Depression. The rise in production and enrolment in the armed forces by most men saw employers (often encouraged by the government), turn to women, the elderly, Affrican Americans, and other groups left out in the pre-war economy so that they could fill jobs (these jobs had relatively high pay and status) (Winkler, 2000). The war was a blessing in disguise for women in the U.S society because most of them found new employments in the factories as well as in clerical and secretarial jobs. After the war, most of these women moved quit the labor force for different reasons. Nevertheless, the wartime changes in womens attitudes regarding their own capabilities extended to cover the post-war period, and indeed today (Winkler, 20 00). African Americans and other minorities took wartime labor shortages, as a leverage to protest against discriminatory handling, in order to secure new and higher job positions in defense industries. As a result of the war, many young and unemployed men and women, white and black found opportunities, experience and training in military bases. In addition, the G.I Bill provided home-ownership, education, among other benefits to those who took part in the war, a huge number indeed. The WWII ended in mid 1945 with the fall of the Axis under the Allies, leaving a trail of horror in its wake; more than 55 million people died in the war, property worth of billions of dollars destroyed, devastated infrastructure, among other monumental losses. It was, and still is, the most expensive war in the history of the world, with estimates put between $1 and $2 trillion and loss of property amounting to $239 billion (United States History, n.d). The United States spending alone was about 10 time s more than it had spent cumulatively on its previous wars. In addition, it national debt increased from $42billion in 1940 to a staggering $260 billion in 1946. Immediately after the war, the cold war ensued between the Allies (democracies) and the Axis (Soviets), notably between the United States and the U.S.S.R, led by Russia (United States History, n.d). In the U.S, than in any other nation, the war brought considerable positive changes in the political, economic, social, and religious circles. The war literally got the United States out of the Great Depression by invigorating the U.Ss production capacity and consumption, especially in the production and sale of military equipment to the Allies, which saw its production industry double in a span of about three years. Prior to the war, especially in the period covering the Great Depression, the rate of unemployment soared in the U.S, the youth being the most affected group. However, in the build-up to the war and during the war, employment opportunities arose in production factories as well as in the military. The U.S was, therefore, able to solve its troubling employment problem. Gender imbalances in the society regarding employment were also under the discussion, courtesy of the Second World War. In the pre-war American economy, women, especially African Americans and other minoriti es, were grossly under-represented in the employment world, but the WWII opened up new and well-paying opportunities for them, thereby raising their living standards. The American society also gained a fundamental milestone in the fight against racial discrimination, with blacks from the south enrolling in the military and appointment to other high-profile job positions. The combination of all these factors led to the prosperity of the American economic, social, religious, and political structures of the American society. However, the U.S lost a large number of its uniformed citizens in the war, but not as many as other countries lost. The war was also the most costly in history, and it overextended U.S Government expenditure at the same point in time raising its national debt by almost fifth-fold in just about two years. At the end of the war, the United States came out victorious, both at home and abroad. The Cold War ensued right after the WWII between the democracies and the sov iets. The war was, as much as it suffered several setbacks, therefore, a blessing in disguise to the United States. Buy custom Impacts of World War II on America essay

Are there differences in the types of dreams that occur at different Essay

Are there differences in the types of dreams that occur at different times & Describe how sleep changes during the course of one night - Essay Example Polysomnography reveals a 50% drop in activity between alertness and phase 1 sleep. The eyes are shut during phase 1 sleep, but if woken up from it, then an individual might feel as if they have not slept yet. Stage 1 might last between 5 to 10 minutes (Harris 23). Stage 2 is a time of light sleep where polysomnographic readings portray irregular peaks and valleys, or negative and positive waves (Harris 24). These waves show spontaneous phases of muscle tone joined with phases of muscle relaxation. Muscle tone of this type can be witnessed in other phases of sleep as a response to audio stimuli (Jung 53). The heart deep slows, plus body temperature goes up. At this stage, the body gets ready to go into a deep sleep. These stages are deep sleep phases, with Stage 3 being less intense compared to Stage 4. These stages are referred to as delta or slow-wave sleep (Harris 24). In slow-wave sleep, particularly during Phase 4, the electromyogram records sluggish waves of high amplitude, showing a pattern of rhythmic continuity and deep sleep (Harris 24 and Jung 54). The time of non-REM sleep, abbreviated as NREM, comprises of phases 1 to 4 and lasts between 90 minutes to two hours, each phases lasting roughly five to 15 minutes (Harris 25). However, surprisingly enough, phase 2 and phase 3 reiterate backwards prior to attaining REM sleep. Thus, a normal sleep sequence has this pattern: waking, stage 1 to 4, and then back to 2 via 3, REM. In essence, REM sleep takes place just 90 minutes following sleep onset (Harris 25). REM sleep is discernible from NREM sleep through transformations in physiological states, including its distinguishing fast eye movements (Harris 25). Nevertheless, polysomnograms reveal wave patterns in REM similar as the ones in phase 1 sleep (Jung 57). During normal sleep (in individuals missing disorders of wake-sleep patterns or REM behaviour disorder), respiration and heart rate accelerate and become irregular, whereas the legs,

Relationship between western European countries and others Essay

Relationship between western European countries and others - Essay Example Relationship between western European countries and others The European countries, thus, looked down on China since they were at a better position in the industrialization sector, despite China’s size, wealth and high population. John Barrow, the writer of Travels in China contributed to how different writers and citizens of Western Europe thought about China. He made them view their country as superior, because, he reasoned that although in the past China was more developed, the Western Europe in the 1800s had grown to be more industrialized and had advanced more in technology. He emphasized that the education offered in Western Europe was of higher quality than in China because the Chinese did not learn algebra, Chemistry and geometry. The decline of the Qing dynasty, economic growth and China’s defeat by the western powers seemed to reinforce the thought that the country was better than China. The British realized that China’s military had not developed during the opium war due to use of smoke and lack of expertise in using firearms. This led to a more degraded image of China. Although China had invented the compass, gunpowder and printers, it did not advance on these new inventions. Their lack of admitting that the Europe was more developed and; therefore, declining to embrace the technological change, showed China’s inability to embrace change.James Mill, a writer of the History of British India book influenced greatly how the western Europeans viewed the Indians. Basing his argument on Scotsmann Grant views, he argued that the Indians were deficient in education, technology, science, civilization and medicine.2. He argued that although Indians had invented handcraft, there was little advancement made in improving their inventory2. Their poor learning systems did not involve teaching of sciences e.g. anatomy and their teachings in mathematics were not fit for any civilized person. There was belittlement of the Indians discoveries in the mining of iron ore. They described the activity as negligible because it carried out on small scale. They considered it destructive and imperfectly done. There was ridicule on the cotton textiles the Indians produced. The character traits associated to them were dishonesty and morally decayed2. The collapse of the Mughal Empire emphasized these traits together with their lack of masculinity. Although Indians had built buildings similar to the Europeans, the Europeans still considered India barbaric and uncivilized due to lack of roads and pipes. However, this made them pass the lowest set social development stage by the Europeans. The Europeans called the Indians barbaric because of the medicine they took, which they said was not fit for the civilized. Mill created an impression that the Indians were unwise because they spent their time playing chess and hunting tigers unlike the Britons who spent their time and resources in trading and developing their empires. They had poor military weapons as compared to the British although the Europeans did not take into consideration that Indians adopted the Europeans training methods and arms. The thinking of the Western Europeans as better than the other countries made it gain more power and superiority in the world. Europeans based their superiority on how righteous a country was in terms of religion in the past, but this changed

Impact Of U.S. Foreign Policy In Middle East Essay Example for Free

Impact Of U.S. Foreign Policy In Middle East Essay Brief Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The continuing saga of Middle East manifest from the biblical exegesis on the life of Israelites’ struggle in search for the promise land. The struggle from Egypt fleeing on foot and crossing the Red Sea has long been withdrawn from the crusade of Moses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The exploration of Men from the Christian world has not only found the beauty of Arabian nights, the wonders of Pyramid in Egypt and anthropological finding on the wealth of the Pharaoh but the richness of Middle East resources in oil wells and gold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A few among men found Middle East in search of destiny from its aboriginal concepts to the foundation of Islam. The transformation of Middle East to the life of the world is carried out by the insatiable desire of men to capture the once pristine and innocent Muslim world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, Middle East surpasses from the annals of time where the dryness of desert is dumped with bloodbath; the fate of the Middle Eastern people is laid from the palm of the explorer. Shooting Birds with One Stone: The US in Iran-Iraq Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The holocaust of Iran-Iraq war is described as one of pandemic mass slaughtering in the 20th century history of Middle East with human casualty toll estimated figures of about 1 to 2 million. It was not only the loss of lives but of financial cost of war that is attributed to being a substantial health budget of poor countries in South East Asia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iraq invaded Iran on September 22nd 1980. In which earlier before on that fateful date, similar local rebellion occurred that sparked the invasion. Two years later, Iranian civilian populace resistance enabled the fight and causing Iraqi’s withdrawal. A twist of fate has changed the offensive positioning of Iran but defeated by Iraq’s modernized weapons.   The Iran-Iraq war lasted for eight years from 1980 to 1988.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The defection of Iraq to the Communist Russian Soviet has pledged the supplying of weaponry and financial aids relatively to purchase modernized weapons from France. Meanwhile, the United States covertly provided weaponry to Iran through the facilitation of Israel. The reasons behind the covert activity of US were due to the cold war conflict with Soviet Union. In which case, the US was likened to shooting two birds with one stone—overcoming two enemies with a single shot of sling—without direct participation in the battlefield.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utilizing the US-Israel diplomatic ties, access to intelligence information were secretly supplied to Iran by the CIA,   to overwhelm the fallacy of possible direct aggression of Soviet troops, to mislead Iran from its defensive strategies and rely dependency to US (Shalom, S.R., 2005). By providing the so-called open source information, the CIA purposely makes the cover of plans to position with Iran at the time of winning the war. Likewise, a disintegrating information reached Moscow for a possible direct participation of US. The information was passed to demoralize and disintegrate Iraqi’s offensive-defensive position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the point of view of Iran-Iraq war, the US gained strategic collaboration with Israel and somehow sympathy of compliment from Iranian ruler Ayatollah Khomeini having supplied with armaments. The US ploy for being diplomatic and yet covertly supporting the war has earned an advantage in the Arabian and Persian oil consortium. Liberalized oil exportation favored the US benefits. The Iraqi ruler Saddam Hussein was taken out from the picture of economic and diplomatic ties between the US, the Arabs, Persians and Israelites. What has left with Saddam was the blunt and contemplative Libyan ruler Khadafy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US clandestine activities in the Iran-Iraq conflict is perceived by political analysts, military historians and economist as having been brought about by protecting interest to oil resources in the Gulf and preempting the Soviet Union’s armament support to Iraq. Motivated by the similar interest, US continuously enhanced its diplomatic ties with Saudi Arabia as a preferential option in the impact of Iran-Iraq war to the rest of Middle Eastern countries.   In which case, the US government has utilized the CIA to examine the scenario of rippling effect of Iran-Iraq war and furthering the military and economic aid to Saudi Arabia in accord of protecting the Gulf. Predicted War:   Achievement and Idolatry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, the US has enabled to predict the forthcoming turmoil when the Gulf war broke out in 1990. The Operation Desert Storm has propelled a more strategic US alliance to Saudi Arabia to directly involve at the frontline of defense against the invading Iraqi troops.   The presence of US was caught between conflicting Muslim countries and justified by the Soviet instigated Iraqi invasion to Saudi Arabia. The Gulf war was defined as an indirect hostility of superpowers between the US and Soviet Union. Regardless of the ideological Islamic conflict between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, the US and Soviet Union aggravated the situation. The cost of Gulf war accounted for substantial armament demand and supply from US and Soviet Union. The opportunity of business has proven in the substantial sale of armaments. Added to that, the US has forged a more established economic ties with Saudi Arabia and invested facilities/technologies on oil production. The end of US-Soviet cold war engages single domination of US in the Gulf. The achievements of US Pentagon’s Operation Desert Storm resulted isolation of Iraq from Islamic allies of US.   However, as the US allied governments in Middle East restructure its international diplomatic relations to the Christian world, various Islamic opposition hold the vacuum of power. The influence has instigated alliances in support of Islamism doctrines. Diversity in beliefs to Islamism has drawn divisiveness among Muslim sectarian and fundamentalist. The elevated contrast of ideologies in Islamism has emerged secessionism. The Muslim idolatry in Islam has primarily miscarriage the Oslo Agreement from its conception.   The Oslo accord on September 13th 1993 was supposed to bring the future of Israelites and Palestinian people but it was plagued by hunger, political-economic plunder and resistance of Islamic radicals that Israel accounted human carnage of 854 and surviving 5,051 casualties. The inadequacy of Israel to promoting political and monetary indulgence to Palestine broke down the Oslo (Pipes, D., 2003).   Likewise, the abortion of Oslo was claimed by the then Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as the inability of Palestinian ruler Yasser Arafat to break the spell of terrorism and yet continue harboring in his regime (Netanyahu, B., 2002). The effect of aborted Oslo accord enticed Islamic radicals and collaborated with regimes that are enemies of US and its allies. The collaboration of Islamic radicals with Iraqis and Palestinian secessionist trekked down the converging network of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. In which the plagued of terrorism brought about the 9/11 attack to the US. Retaliating Effect: The 9/11 US Tragedy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The September 11th 2001 attack to the US was called as unprecedented and described with bursting indignation of US allies against terrorism. The condemnation to the terroristic attack was acted upon by member states of the United Nations for a call to disarm the belligerent countries and regimes with weapons of mass destruction. Among are Iraq and North Korea in focal point of investigation. The US claimed lately that it found out Iraq conspired with the terroristic handiwork of al-Qaeda. More so, US have known its enemy way back from its role in the Iran-Iraq war. And, the result of intelligence gathering on Iraq aid to al-Qaeda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The synthesis on the cobweb of US presence to conflicts in Middle East has met the retaliating effect as attributed in the 9/11 tragedy. As the attack was described as cowardice in character, it cannot deny the consideration for a retaliatory factor that instigated the 9/11 tragedy. In contrast, Iraq did not plunge into strategic position which obviously constructed the conspiracy theory of US and its allies in the United Nations. In addition to the theory, it was even more concluded that Iraq was in possession of lethal armament which ruled out by the UN Security Council to be disarmed and eradicated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2003, pursuing Baghdad in Iraq lightened the city with bombardment and advancing US military troops. The short-lived US invasion to Iraq and consequently capturing Saddam Hussein has shown relevance to the dominion of US. The bringing to international court of Justice and prosecution of Saddam relive the Iraqi people to restoring the democracy and government. It was not for US to directing the role of Iraqis in restructuring their way of life but to promulgate socio-political-economic diplomatic ties and exploration of Iraq resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What transpired over the extremely pressuring presence of US in the Middle East, with its counter-terrorism agenda, the faà §ade of human carnage and uncertainty that stem from the indigenous war of Muslim in its Islam faith, is a continuing impact of US in Middle East with the excesses of   its foreign policy for wealth and power domination. References Celalifer, A. (2005). Paradoxical Policies-EU, Iran and US Triangle. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from www.turkishweekly.net CRS Report for Congress (2007). US Foreign Aid to Israel. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from www.state.gov Harris, M. (2006). Why did the US invade Iraq in 2003? Retrieved January 18, 2008 from www.google.com/search Islamic Thinkers Society (2006). US-Iran relationship more then what it seems? Retrieved January 18, 2008 from www.islamicthinkers.com. National Intelligence Council (2004). Mapping the Global Future. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from www.cia.gov Netanyahu, B. (2002). Concordia: The Speech that Rioting Cancelled. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from www.israelinews.com Pipes, D. (2003). Why Oslo’s Hopes Turned to Dust. New York Post. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from www.danielpipes.org. Shalom, S.R. (2005). The United States and the Iran-Iraq War. Retrieved January 18, 2008 from www.zmag.org.